Products: ABAQUS/Standard ABAQUS/Explicit ABAQUS/CAE
References
“Material library: overview,” Section 16.1.1 “Elastic behavior: overview,” Section 17.1.1
“Frequency domain viscoelasticity,” Section 17.7.2 *VISCOELASTIC *SHEAR TEST DATA
*VOLUMETRIC TEST DATA *COMBINED TEST DATA *TRS
Overview
The time domain viscoelastic material model:
describes isotropic rate-dependent material behavior for materials in which dissipative losses primarily caused by “viscous” (internal damping) effects must be modeled in the time domain; assumes that the shear (deviatoric) and volumetric behaviors are
independent in multiaxial stress states (except when used for an elastomeric foam);
can be used only in conjunction with “Linear elastic behavior,” Section 17.2.1; “Hyperelastic behavior of rubberlike materials,” Section 17.5.1; or “Hyperelastic behavior in elastomeric foams,” Section 17.5.2, to define the elastic material properties;
is active only during a transient static analysis (“Quasi-static analysis,” Section 6.2.5), a transient implicit dynamic analysis (“Implicit dynamic analysis using direct integration,” Section 6.3.2), an explicit dynamic analysis (“Explicit dynamic analysis,” Section 6.3.3), a steady-state transport analysis (“Steady-state transport analysis,” Section 6.4.1), a fully coupled
temperature-displacement analysis (“Fully coupled thermal-stress analysis,” Section 6.5.4), or a transient (consolidation) coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis (“Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis,” Section 6.7.1);
can be used in large-strain problems; and
can be calibrated using time-dependent creep test data,
time-dependent relaxation test data, or frequency-dependent cyclic test data.
Defining the shear behavior
Time domain viscoelasticity is available in ABAQUS for small-strain applications where the rate-independent elastic response can be defined with a linear elastic material model and for large-strain applications where the rate-independent elastic response must be defined with a hyperelastic or hyperfoam material model. 注释：小应变简化为弹性，大应变超弹性或超弹泡沫 Small strain（小应变）
Consider a shear test at small strain, in which a time varying shear strain,
, is applied to the material. The response is the shear stress The viscoelastic material model defines
as
.
where is the time-dependent “shear relaxation modulus”（剪切松弛模量）
that characterizes the material's response. This constitutive behavior can be illustrated by considering a relaxation test in which a strain is suddenly applied to a specimen and then held constant for a long time. The beginning of the experiment, when the strain is suddenly applied, is taken as zero time, so that （t=0,初始应变突然施加）
where is the fixed strain. The viscoelastic material model is “long-term elastic” （长期弹性）in the sense that, after having been subjected to a constant strain for a
very long time, the response settles down to a constant stress; i.e.,
.
as
The shear relaxation modulus can be written in dimensionless form:
where
is the instantaneous shear modulus（瞬时剪切模量）, so that
the expression for the stress takes the form
The dimensionless relaxation function has the limiting values
.
Large strain（大应变）
The equation for the stress can be transformed by using integration by
parts:
and
It is convenient to write this equation in the form
where
is the instantaneous shear stress at time t. This form allows a
straightforward generalization（简单概括） to nonlinear elastic deformations by replacing the linear elastic relation
with the nonlinear elasticity relation
. This generalization yields a linear viscoelasticity model, in the sense that
the dimensionless stress relaxation function is independent of the magnitude of the deformation.
In the above equation the instantaneous stress, , applied at time influences the stress, , at time t. Therefore, to create a proper finite-strain formulation, it is necessary to map the stress that existed in the configuration at time into the configuration at time t. In ABAQUS this is done by means of a mixed “push-forward” transformation with the relative deformation gradient
:
To ensure that the stress remains symmetric, ABAQUS uses the integral form:
where is the deviatoric part of the Kirchhoff stress.基尔莫夫应力偏量 The finite-strain theory is described in more detail in “Finite-strain viscoelasticity,” Section 4.8.2 of the ABAQUS Theory Manual.
Defining the volumetric behavior定义体
The volumetric behavior can be written in a form that is similar to the shear behavior:
where p is the hydrostatic pressure,（静水压力） bulk modulus, volume strain.
The above expansion applies to small as well as finite strain since the volume strains are generally small and there is no need to map the pressure from time to time t.
is the instantaneous elastic
is the
is the dimensionless bulk relaxation modulus, and
Temperature effects温度效应
The effect of temperature, , on the material behavior is introduced through the dependence of the instantaneous stress, , on temperature and through a reduced time concept. The expression for the linear-elastic shear stress is rewritten as
where the instantaneous shear modulus
, and
is temperature dependent,
is the reduced time, defined by
where is a shift function at time t. This reduced time concept for
temperature dependence is usually referred to as thermo-rheologically simple (TRS) temperature dependence. Often the shift function is approximated by the Williams-Landell-Ferry (WLF) form:
where ,
is the reference temperature at which the relaxation data are given and
,
are calibration constants obtained at this temperature. If
deformation changes will be elastic, based on the instantaneous moduli.
The reduced time concept is also used for the volumetric behavior and the large-strain formulation. For additional information on the WLF equation, see “Viscoelasticity,” Section 4.8.1 of the ABAQUS Theory Manual.
Numerical implementation 数值执行结果
ABAQUS assumes that the viscoelastic material is defined by a Prony series expansion of the dimensionless relaxation modulus:
where N,
, and
,
, are material constants. Substitution in
the small-strain expression for the shear stress yields
where
The
are interpreted as state variables that control the stress relaxation, and
is the “creep” strain: the difference between the total mechanical strain and the instantaneous elastic strain (the stress divided by the instantaneous elastic modulus). In ABAQUS/Standard
is available as the creep strain output variable CE
(“ABAQUS/Standard output variable identifiers,” Section 4.2.1).
A similar Prony series expansion is used for the volumetric response, which is valid for both small- and finite-strain applications:
where
ABAQUS assumes that .
The Prony series expansion, in combination with the finite-strain expression for the shear stress, produces the following large-strain shear model:
where
The
are interpreted as state variables that control the stress relaxation.
If the instantaneous material behavior is defined by linear elasticity or hyperelasticity, the bulk and shear behavior can be defined
independently. However, if the instantaneous behavior is defined by the hyperfoam model, the deviatoric and volumetric constitutive behavior are coupled and it is necessary to use the same relaxation data for both behaviors.
In all of the above expressions temperature dependence is readily introduced by replacing
by
and
by
.
Determination of viscoelastic material parameters定义粘弹性材料参数
The above equations are used to model the time-dependent shear and volumetric behavior of a viscoelastic material. The relaxation parameters can be defined in one of four ways: direct specification of the Prony series parameters, inclusion of creep test data, inclusion of relaxation
test data, or inclusion of frequency-dependent data obtained from
sinusoidal oscillation experiments. Temperature effects are included in the same manner regardless of the method used to define the viscoelastic material.
ABAQUS/CAE allows you to evaluate the behavior of viscoelastic materials by automatically creating response curves based on experimental test data or coefficients. A viscoelastic material can be evaluated only if it is defined in the time domain and includes hyperelastic and/or elastic material data. See “Evaluating hyperelastic and viscoelastic material behavior,” Section 12.4.6 of the ABAQUS/CAE User's Manual. Direct specification（直接参数） The Prony series parameters
,
, and can be defined directly for
each term in the Prony series. There is no restriction on the number of terms that can be used. （应用数目没有限制）If a relaxation time is associated with only one of the two moduli, leave the other one blank or enter a zero.（如果松弛时间仅于两个模量的一个有关联，则另外一个设为1或0） The data should be given in ascending order （升序）of the relaxation time. The number of lines of data given defines the number of terms in the Prony series, N. If this model is used in conjunction with the hyperfoam（超弹泡沫材料模型） material model, the two modulus ratios have to be the same (
).
Input File Usage: *VISCOELASTIC, TIME=PRONY
The data line is repeated as often as needed to define the first, second, third, etc. terms in the Prony series.
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time and Time:
age: Prony
Enter as many rows of data in the table as needed to define the first, second, third, etc. terms in the Prony series.
Creep test data
If creep test data are specified, ABAQUS will calculate the terms in the Prony series automatically. The normalized shear and bulk compliances are defined as
where and
is the shear compliance,
is the total shear strain,
is the
is the constant
.
is the constant shear stress in a shear creep test;
is the total volumetric strain, and
,
volumetric compliance,
pressure in a volumetric creep test. At time
The creep data are converted to relaxation data through the convolution integrals
ABAQUS then uses the normalized shear modulus modulus parameters.
Using the shear and volumetric test data consecutively
and normalized bulk
in a nonlinear least-squares fit to determine the Prony series
The shear test data and volumetric test data can be used consecutively to define the normalized shear and bulk compliances as functions of time. A separate least-squares fit is performed on each data set; and the two derived sets of Prony series parameters, into one set of parameters,
Input File Usage:
.
and
, are merged
Use the following three options. The first option is required. Only one of the second and third options is required.
*VISCOELASTIC, TIME=CREEP TEST DATA *SHEAR TEST DATA
*VOLUMETRIC TEST DATA
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time and Time:
age: Creep test data
In addition, select one or both of the following: Test Data
Test Data
Using the combined test data
Shear Test Data
Volumetric Test Data
Alternatively, the combined test data can be used to specify the
normalized shear and bulk compliances simultaneously as functions of time. A single least-squares fit is performed on the combined set of test data to determine one set of Prony series parameters,
Input File Usage:
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time, Time:
age: Creep test data, and Test DataCombined Test Data
Relaxation test data
As with creep test data, ABAQUS will calculate the Prony series parameters automatically from relaxation test data.
Using the shear and volumetric test data consecutively
.
Use both of the following options: *VISCOELASTIC, TIME=CREEP TEST DATA *COMBINED TEST DATA
Again, the shear test data and volumetric test data can be used
consecutively to define the relaxation moduli as functions of time. A separate nonlinear least-squares fit is performed on each data set; and the two derived sets of Prony series parameters, are merged into one set of parameters,
Input File Usage:
.
and
,
Use the following three options. The first option is required. Only one of the second and third options is required.
*VISCOELASTIC, TIME=RELAXATION TEST DATA *SHEAR TEST DATA
*VOLUMETRIC TEST DATA
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time and Time:
age: Relaxation test data
In addition, select one or both of the following: Test Data
Test Data
Using the combined test data
Shear Test Data
Volumetric Test Data
Alternatively, the combined test data can be used to specify the relaxation moduli simultaneously as functions of time. A single least-squares fit is performed on the combined set of test data to determine one set of Prony series parameters,
Input File Usage:
*VISCOELASTIC, TIME=RELAXATION TEST DATA *COMBINED TEST DATA
Use both of the following options:
.
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time, Time:
age: Relaxation test data, and Test DataCombined Test
Data
Frequency-dependent test data
The Prony series terms can also be calibrated using frequency-dependent test data. In this case ABAQUS uses analytical expressions that relate the Prony series relaxation functions to the storage and loss moduli. The expressions for the shear moduli, obtained by converting the Prony series terms from the time domain to the frequency domain by making use of Fourier transforms, can be written as follows:
where
is the storage modulus,
is the loss modulus,
is the
angular frequency, and N is the number of terms in the Prony series. These expressions are used in a nonlinear least-squares fit to determine the Prony series parameters from the storage and loss moduli cyclic test data obtained at M frequencies by minimizing the error function
:
where
and
are the test data and
and
, respectively, are the
instantaneous and long-term shear moduli. The expressions for the bulk moduli,
and
, are written analogously.
The frequency domain data are defined in tabular form by giving the real and imaginary parts of and —where is the circular frequency—as functions of frequency in cycles per time.
is the Fourier transform
of the nondimensional shear relaxation function the frequency-dependent storage and loss moduli and
, the real and imaginary parts of
and
,
. Given ,
,
are then given as
where and are the long-term shear and bulk moduli determined from
the elastic or hyperelastic properties.
Input File Usage: *VISCOELASTIC, TIME=FREQUENCY DATA
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time and Time:
age: Frequency data
Calibrating the Prony series parameters
You can specify two optional parameters related to the calibration of Prony series parameters for viscoelastic materials: the error tolerance and . The error tolerance is the allowable average root-mean-square error of data points in the least-squares fit, and its default value is 0.01. is the maximum number of terms N in the Prony series, and its default (and maximum) value is 13. ABAQUS will perform the least-squares fit from to until convergence is achieved for the lowest N with respect to the error tolerance.
The following are some guidelines for determining the number of terms in the Prony series from test data. Based on these guidelines, you can choose
. There should be enough data pairs for determining all the parameters in the Prony series terms. Thus, assuming that N is the number of Prony series terms, there should be a total of at least data points in shear test data, data points in volumetric test data, data points in combined test data, and data points in the frequency domain. The number of terms in the Prony series should be typically not more
than the number of logarithmic “decades” spanned by the test data.
The number of logarithmic “decades” is defined as
, where
and
are the maximum and minimum
time in the test data, respectively.
Input File Usage: *VISCOELASTIC, ERRTOL=error_tolerance, NMAX=
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time; Time:
age: Creep test data, Relaxation test data, or Frequency
data; Maximum number of terms in the Prony series:
; and Allowable average root-mean-square error: error_tolerance
Temperature effects
Regardless of the method used to define the viscoelastic behavior, thermo-rheologically simple temperature effects can be included by specifying the method used to define the shift function. The shift function can be defined by the Williams-Landell-Ferry (WLF) approximation.
Input File Usage:
*TRS, DEFINITION=WLF
In ABAQUS/Explicit use the following option: *TRS
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time, Time: any age: method, and SuboptionsTrs: Shift function: WLF
User subroutine specification in ABAQUS/Standard
In ABAQUS/Standard use the following option:
In ABAQUS/Standard the shift function can alternatively be specified in user subroutine UTRS.
Input File Usage: *TRS, DEFINITION=USER
ABAQUS/CAE UsProperty module: material editor: Mechanical
ElasticityViscoelastic: Domain: Time, Time: any age: method, and SuboptionsTrs: Shift function: User
subroutine UTRS
Defining the rate-independent part of the material response
In all cases elastic moduli must be specified to define the
rate-independent part of the material behavior. Small-strain linear elastic behavior is defined by an elastic material model (“Linear elastic behavior,” Section 17.2.1), and large-deformation behavior is defined by a hyperelastic (“Hyperelastic behavior of rubberlike materials,” Section 17.5.1) or hyperfoam (“Hyperelastic behavior in elastomeric foams,” Section 17.5.2) material model. The rate-independent elasticity for any of these models can be defined in terms of either instantaneous elastic moduli or long-term elastic moduli. The choice of defining the elasticity in terms of instantaneous or long-term moduli is a matter of convenience only; it does not have an effect on the solution.
The effective relaxation moduli are obtained by multiplying the
instantaneous elastic moduli with the dimensionless relaxation functions as described below. Linear elastic materials
For linear elastic material behavior
and
where and are the instantaneous shear and bulk moduli determined from
and
:
the values of the user-defined instantaneous elastic moduli
and
.
If long-term elastic moduli are defined, the instantaneous moduli are determined from
Hyperelastic materials
For hyperelastic material behavior the relaxation coefficients are applied either to the constants that define the energy function or directly to the energy function. For the polynomial function and its particular cases (reduced polynomial, Mooney-Rivlin, neo-Hookean, and Yeoh)
for the Ogden function
for the Arruda-Boyce and Van der Waals functions
and for the Marlow function
For the coefficients governing the compressible behavior of the polynomial
models and the Ogden model
for the Arruda-Boyce and Van der Waals functions
and for the Marlow function
If long-term elastic moduli are defined, the instantaneous moduli are determined from
while the instantaneous bulk compliance moduli are obtained from
for the Marlow functions we have
Elastomeric foams
For elastomeric foam material behavior the instantaneous shear and bulk relaxation coefficients are assumed to be equal and are applied to the material constants in the energy function:
If only the shear relaxation coefficients are specified, the bulk relaxation coefficients are set equal to the shear relaxation coefficients and vice versa. If both shear and bulk relaxation
coefficients are specified and they are unequal, ABAQUS issues an error message.
If long-term elastic moduli are defined, the instantaneous moduli are determined from
Material response in different analysis procedures
The time-domain viscoelastic material model is active during the following procedures:
transient static analysis (“Quasi-static analysis,” Section 6.2.5),
transient implicit dynamic analysis (“Implicit dynamic analysis using direct integration,” Section 6.3.2),
explicit dynamic analysis (“Explicit dynamic analysis,” Section 6.3.3),
steady-state transport analysis (“Steady-state transport analysis,” Section 6.4.1),
fully coupled temperature-displacement analysis (“Fully coupled thermal-stress analysis,” Section 6.5.4), and
transient (consolidation) coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis (“Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis,” Section 6.7.1).
Viscoelastic material response is always ignored in a static analysis. It can also be ignored in a coupled temperature-displacement analysis or in a soils consolidation analysis by specifying that no creep or viscoelastic response is occurring during the step even if creep or viscoelastic material properties are defined (see “Fully coupled
thermal-stress analysis,” Section 6.5.4, or “Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis,” Section 6.7.1). In these cases it is assumed that
the loading is applied instantaneously, so that the resulting response corresponds to an elastic solution based on instantaneous elastic moduli. ABAQUS/Standard also provides the option to obtain the fully relaxed long-term elastic solution directly in a static or steady-state transport analysis without having to perform a transient analysis. The long-term value is used for this purpose. The viscous damping stresses (the internal stresses associated with each of the Prony-series terms) are increased gradually from their values at the beginning of the step to their long-term values at the end of the step if the long-term value is specified.
Material options
The viscoelastic material model must be combined with an elastic material model. It is used with the isotropic linear elasticity model (“Linear elastic behavior,” Section 17.2.1) to define classical, linear, small-strain, viscoelastic behavior or with the hyperelastic
(“Hyperelastic behavior of rubberlike materials,” Section 17.5.1) or hyperfoam (“Hyperelastic behavior in elastomeric foams,” Section 17.5.2) models to define large-deformation, nonlinear, viscoelastic behavior. The elastic properties defined for these models can be temperature dependent.
Viscoelasticity cannot be combined with any of the plasticity models or with the Mullins effect material model. See “Combining material behaviors,” Section 16.1.3, for more details.
Elements
The time domain viscoelastic material model can be used with any stress/displacement or coupled temperature-displacement element in ABAQUS.
Output
In addition to the standard output identifiers available in ABAQUS (“ABAQUS/Standard output variable identifiers,” Section 4.2.1, and “ABAQUS/Explicit output variable identifiers,” Section 4.2.2), the
following variables have special meaning in ABAQUS/Standard if viscoelasticity is defined:
EE CE
These strain measures are used to approximate the strain energy, SENER, and the viscous dissipation, CENER. These approximations may lead to underestimation of the strain energy and overestimation of the viscous dissipation since the effects of internal stresses on these energy quantities are neglected. This can be particularly noticeable in the case of non-monotonic loading.
For the case of large-strain viscoelasticity, ABAQUS/Explicit does not perform the computation of the viscous dissipation for performance reasons. Instead, the contribution of viscous dissipation is included in the strain energy output, SENER; and CENER is output as zero. Consequently, special care must be exercised when interpreting strain energy results of large-strain viscoelastic materials in ABAQUS/Explicit since they include viscous dissipation effects.
Elastic strain corresponding to the stress state at time t and the instantaneous elastic material properties. Equivalent creep strain defined as the difference between the total strain and the elastic strain.
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